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1.
Salud Publica Mex ; 66(1, ene-feb): 95-103, 2023 Dec 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38065111

RESUMO

Vaccines against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomaviruses (HPV) are two safe and highly effective vaccines that were developed at the end of the 20th century and can prevent human cancer. HBV vaccine prevents liver cancer, and HPV prevents cervical and other HPV-related cancers. Starting with the immunogen identification, 15 years were necessary to reach the industrial production of HBV vaccine, and 20 years, for the HPV vaccines. However, while HBV vaccines have been commercially available for over 40 years and are used in most countries, there are still significant challenges to achieve universal childhood immunization against hepatitis B. Similarly, HPV vaccines have been commercially available for 17 years, and yet, countries with higher cervical cancer still have the lowest HPV vaccination rates. We describe the development of HBV and HPV vaccines and discuss the challenges to reaching equitable access to these vaccines in Latin America.


Assuntos
Vacinas Anticâncer , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Feminino , Humanos , Criança , Vírus da Hepatite B , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , América Latina/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Vacinação , Vacinas contra Hepatite B
2.
Salud pública Méx ; 63(1): 109-119, Jan.-Feb. 2021. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1395144

RESUMO

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la evidencia sobre la presencia e infectividad de SARS-CoV-2 y otros coronavirus en aguas residuales y su potencial uso como herramienta de vigilancia epidemiológica. Material y métodos: Búsqueda de publicaciones en PubMed y medRxiv desde enero 2003 hasta el 8 de junio de 2020 de acuerdo con la guía de revisiones rápidas de Cochrane. Resultados: Se incluyeron 29 publicaciones. El ARN de SARS-CoV-2 no infectivo se encontró en agua residual hospitalaria, agua residual cruda, tratada y lodos de plantas de tratamiento. Los niveles cuantitativos de ARN viral en agua residual presentan relación con el número de casos de Covid-19. SARS-CoV-1 y otros coronavirus permanecieron infectivos en agua residual cruda hasta por dos días. Conclusiones: Hasta esta revisión no existe evidencia sobre la presencia de virus infectivos de SARS-CoV-2 en agua residual cruda o tratada. La cuantificación de ARN de SARS-CoV-2 en agua residual es útil para la vigilancia epidemiológica.


Abstract: Objective: To describe the current evidence on the presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in wastewater; and its potential use as an epidemiological surveillance tool. Materials and methods: A search was performed in PubMed and medRxiv databases from January 2003 to June 8, 2020 according to the Cochrane Rapid Review Guide. Results: Twenty-nine publications were included. Non-infective RNA of SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in hospital sewage; raw and treated wastewater, and primary sludges from sewage treatment plants. Quantitative levels of viral RNA in wastewater are related with the number of Covid-19 cases. SARS-CoV-1 and other coronaviruses remained infective in wastewater up to two days. Conclusions: Currently, there is no evidence of the presence of infective SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and its inactivation through treatment/disinfection has been proven. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater can be a useful epidemiological surveillance tool.

3.
Med. interna Méx ; 35(1): 61-79, ene.-feb. 2019. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056715

RESUMO

Resumen La enfermedad vascular cerebral isquémica constituye una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad, así como de discapacidad en todo el mundo. Su incidencia ha aumentado en países subdesarrollados en los que ocurren al menos dos tercios de todos los casos reportados anualmente. Los factores de riesgo de sufrir un evento cerebrovascular isquémico están relacionados con la obesidad y el sedentarismo; sin embargo, el principal factor implicado en la ocurrencia de la enfermedad es la hipertensión arterial. El pronóstico depende directamente del tiempo que transcurre entre el inicio de los síntomas y la instauración del tratamiento adecuado. En años recientes se han realizado avances importantes en el manejo médico e intervencionista del evento vascular cerebral isquémico, lo que ha resultado en menor tasa de fallecimientos y mejor funcionalidad a corto plazo; sin embargo, algunos tratamientos no están disponibles en todos los centros hospitalarios y muchos pacientes no son aptos para someterse a procedimientos endovasculares porque acuden de forma tardía o existe retraso en la identificación y el diagnóstico del padecimiento. Por tanto, es de mayor importancia que los médicos en formación y especialistas encargados del cuidado de pacientes con deterioro neurológico conozcan las herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas útiles en el abordaje y manejo del evento cerebrovascular isquémico para mejorar el pronóstico de los sujetos afectados. En este artículo se revisa el abordaje clínico del paciente con enfermedad vascular cerebral isquémica y una actualización del tratamiento con un enfoque dirigido a la práctica de la medicina basada en evidencias.


Abstract Vascular cerebral ischemic disease constitutes a leading cause of morbidity and mortality as well as of disability worldwide. Its incidence has risen in developing countries in which it is estimated that two thirds of all cases occur annually. Risk factors for ischemic stroke are related with obesity and sedentary lifestyle; nonetheless, hypertension is the main factor involved in the occurrence of the disease. The prognosis depends directly on the time since the onset of the symptoms and the establishment of an optimal treatment. In recent years, important advances in the medical and interventionist treatment of ischemic stroke has been made which has resulted in a lower rate of deaths and an improvement in functionality at the short term; however, some of the therapeutic options are not available in most of the hospital centers and many patients are not eligible for endovascular procedures as they attend late or there is a delay in the identification and diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, it is of major importance that physicians and specialists taking care of patients with neurological impairment know diagnostic and therapeutic tools useful in the approach and management of ischemic stroke to improve the prognosis of the affected individuals. In this article we review the clinical approach to patients with vascular cerebral ischemic disease and make an update of the treatment with a focus on the practice of evidence-based medicine.

4.
Neurocirugia (Astur : Engl Ed) ; 30(5): 238-242, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30482695

RESUMO

Spinal cord teratomas are rare. There are few reports of teratomas affecting the cervical spine and their association with spondylotic radiculopathy has not been described. A 59-year-old woman with history of fecal incontinence attended with cervical radicular pain radiating to upper limbs. Physical examination showed distal muscle hypotrophy and abolishment of bicipital, tricipital, and brachioradialis reflexes of the right arm, preserving proximal strength. Also, hiporreflexia and loss of proprioception in the right lower limb was observed. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an intramedullary mass at C7-T1, accompanied by intervertebral disk protrusions and dural sac compressions at the same level. One-stage posterior-anterior operative approach for tumor resection, decompression of the radiculopathy and replacement of intervertebral discs was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was for a mature teratoma. We described the first case of an intramedullary cervical teratoma associated with radiculopathy in an adult, providing evidence of rare long-lasting teratomas affecting the cervical spine.


Assuntos
Radiculopatia/etiologia , Neoplasias da Medula Espinal/cirurgia , Espondilose/complicações , Teratoma/cirurgia , Vértebras Cervicais/diagnóstico por imagem , Descompressão Cirúrgica , Diagnóstico Tardio , Discotomia , Incontinência Fecal/etiologia , Feminino , Transtornos Neurológicos da Marcha/etiologia , Humanos , Hipestesia/etiologia , Fixadores Internos , Deslocamento do Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Deslocamento do Disco Intervertebral/etiologia , Laminectomia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cervicalgia/etiologia , Compressão da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Compressão da Medula Espinal/etiologia , Compressão da Medula Espinal/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Medula Espinal/complicações , Neoplasias da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Fusão Vertebral , Espondilose/diagnóstico por imagem , Teratoma/complicações , Teratoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Torácicas/diagnóstico por imagem
5.
Salud pública Méx ; 60(6): 666-673, Nov.-Dec. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1020931

RESUMO

Abstract: Objective: To asses the non-inferiority between two different vaccination schedules one month after the administration of the third dose. Materials and methods: We evaluated the anti-HPV 16/18 antibody titers induced by quadrivalent HPV vaccine administered using two different schedules in girls 9 to 10-year-old girls: a traditional (0-2-6) and an alternative (0-6-50). Blood samples were collected at month 7, 21 and 51. Results: The antibody geometric mean titer ratios one month after the application of the third dose -month 51 for the alternative and month 7 for the traditional- were 1.55 for HPV16 (95%CI, 1.15-2.08) and 1.53 for HPV18 (95%CI, 1.12-2.09). The seropositive rate was above 99% in both groups. Conclusions: The application of an alternative 3-dose schedule in 9 to 10-year-old girls induces a non-inferior immune response compared to the standard one month after the last dose. Further research is needed to understand the minimal number of doses and their timing to provide the best coverage for HPV infection.


Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la no inferioridad entre dos diferentes esquemas de vacunación un mes después de la administración de la tercera dosis. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron los títulos de anticuerpos anti-VPH 16/18 inducidos por la vacuna contra VPH tetravalente administrada en niñas de 9 a 10 años utilizando dos esquemas diferentes: tradicional (0-2-6) y alternativo (0-6-50). Se recolectaron muestras en los meses 7, 21 y 51. Resultados: La media geométrica de títulos de anticuerpos un mes después de la aplicación de la tercera dosis -mes 51 para la alternativa y mes 7 para el tradicional- fueron 1.55 para HPV16 (95% IC 1.15-2.08) y 1.53 para HPV18 (95% IC 1.12-2.09). La tasa de seropositividad fue superior a 99% en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: la aplicación de un esquema alternativo de tres dosis (0-6-50 meses) en niñas parece inducir una respuesta inmune no inferior al esquema tradicional un mes después de la última dosis. Se necesitan más estudios para determinar las dosis mínimas e intervalos óptimos para obtener la mejor cobertura para la infección por VPH.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Criança , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunização Secundária/métodos , Vacina Quadrivalente Recombinante contra HPV tipos 6, 11, 16, 18/administração & dosagem , Imunogenicidade da Vacina/imunologia , Fatores de Tempo , Papillomavirus Humano 16/imunologia , Papillomavirus Humano 18/imunologia , Vacina Quadrivalente Recombinante contra HPV tipos 6, 11, 16, 18/imunologia , México , Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue
6.
Med. interna Méx ; 34(4): 574-581, jul.-ago. 2018. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-984715

RESUMO

Resumen La microbiota juega un papel importante en el mantenimiento de la homeostasia de mucosas e influye en la función de órganos y sistemas del cuerpo humano. Diferentes factores pueden producir una disbiosis que resulte en diversas enfermedades. La potencial administración de probióticos para restablecer la microbiota aún es un tema poco familiar para la mayoría de los médicos. En consecuencia, es de vital importancia conocer y analizar la información a favor del uso de ciertas cepas de bacterias intestinales como coadyuvantes del tratamiento médico con el objetivo de regular y aprobar su prescripción mediante un enfoque basado en la evidencia.


Abstract Microbiome plays an important role in the maintenance of the mucosae homeostasis and it can exert an influence in the function of organs and systems of the human body. Several factors can lead to dysbiosis which can result in different pathologies. The potential use of probiotics for the re-establishment of gut microbiome is still unfamiliar for most medical doctors. Consequently, it is of major relevance to know and analyze the information in favor of the use of different intestinal bacteria strains as adjuvants in the medical treatment with the aim to regulate and approve their employment by an evidence-based approach.

7.
Salud Publica Mex ; 60(6): 666-673, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30699272

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To asses the non-inferiority between two differ- ent vaccination schedules one month after the administration of the third dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the anti-HPV 16/18 antibody titers induced by quadrivalent HPV vaccine administered using two different schedules in girls 9 to 10-year-old girls: a traditional (0-2-6) and an alterna- tive (0-6-50). Blood samples were collected at month 7, 21 and 51. RESULTS: The antibody geometric mean titer ratios one month after the application of the third dose -month 51 for the alternative and month 7 for the traditional- were 1.55 for HPV16 (95%CI, 1.15-2.08) and 1.53 for HPV18 (95%CI, 1.12-2.09). The seropositive rate was above 99% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The application of an alternative 3-dose schedule in 9 to 10-year-old girls induces a non-inferior immune response compared to the standard one month after the last dose. Further research is needed to understand the minimal number of doses and their timing to provide the best coverage for HPV infection.


OBJETIVO: Evaluar la no inferioridad entre dos diferentes esquemas de vacunación un mes después de la administración de la tercera dosis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron los títulos de anticuerpos anti-VPH 16/18 inducidos por la vacuna contra VPH tetravalente administrada en niñas de 9 a 10 años utilizando dos esquemas diferentes: tradicional (0-2-6) y alternativo (0-6-50). Se recolectaron muestras en los meses 7, 21 y 51. RESULTADOS: La media geométrica de títulos de anticuerpos un mes después de la aplicación de la tercera dosis ­mes 51 para la alternativa y mes 7 para el tradicional­ fueron 1.55 para HPV16 (95% IC 1.15-2.08) y 1.53 para HPV18 (95% IC 1.12-2.09). La tasa de seropositividad fue superior a 99% en ambos grupos. CONCLUSIONES: la aplicación de un esquema alternativo de tres dosis (0-6-50 meses) en niñas parece inducir una respuesta inmune no inferior al esquema tradicional un mes después de la última dosis. Se necesitan más estudios para determinar las dosis mínimas e intervalos óptimos para obtener la mejor cobertura para la infección por VPH.


Assuntos
Vacina Quadrivalente Recombinante contra HPV tipos 6, 11, 16, 18/administração & dosagem , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunização Secundária/métodos , Imunogenicidade da Vacina/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Criança , Feminino , Vacina Quadrivalente Recombinante contra HPV tipos 6, 11, 16, 18/imunologia , Papillomavirus Humano 16/imunologia , Papillomavirus Humano 18/imunologia , Humanos , México , Fatores de Tempo
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